On-chip metal/polypyrrole quasi-reference electrodes for robust ISFET operation
By Duarte-Guevara, Carlos; Swaminathan, Vikhram V.; Burgess, Mark; Reddy, Bobby; Salm, Eric; Liu, Yi-Shao; Rodriguez-Lopez, Joaquin & Bashir, Rashid
Published in Analyst
The Royal Society of Chemistry
2015
Abstract
To operate an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFETs) it is necessary to set the electrolyte potential using a reference electrode. Conventional reference electrodes are bulky, fragile, and too big for applications where the electrolyte vol