Ultrasonic transducer-guided electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to assess lipid-laden plaques
By Jianguo Ma and Yuan Luo and Ren
Published in Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
2016
Abstract
Plaque rupture causes acute coronary syndromes and stroke. Intraplaque oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is metabolically unstable and prone to induce rupture. We designed an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensor to enhance the detection reproducibility of oxLDL-laden plaques. The flexible 2-point micro-electrode array for \EIS\ was affixed to an inflatable balloon anchored onto a co-axial double layer catheter (outer diameter = 2 mm). The mechanically scanning-driven \IVUS\ transducer (45 MHz) was deployed through the inner catheter (diameter = 1.3 mm) to the acoustic impedance matched-imaging window. Water filled the inner catheter to match acoustic impedance and air was pumped between the inner and outer catheters to inflate the balloon. The integrated \EIS\ and \IVUS\ sensor was deployed into the ex vivo aortas dissected from the fat-fed New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits (n = 3 for fat-fed, n = 5 normal diet). \IVUS\ imaging was able to guide the 2-point electrode to align with the plaque for \EIS\ measurement upon balloon inflation. IVUS-guided \EIS\ signal demonstrated reduced variability and increased reproducibility (p < 0.0001 for magnitude, p < 0.05 for phase at <15 kHz) as compared to \EIS\ sensor alone (p < 0.07 for impedance, p < 0.4 for phase at <15 kHz). Thus, we enhanced topographic and \EIS\ detection of oxLDL-laden plaques via a catheter-based integrated sensor design to enhance clinical assessment for unstable plaque.